Several databases (i.e. information systems) created, or about to be created, by the EU can be considered large by various (sometimes all) measures: the number of people using the system for different purposes;the amount of data collected, stored, accessed and manipulated; thenumber of connections between components, etc. In particular, the EU is creating or updating several large-scale IT systems in the area of border and police control, such asSIS II, VIS and Eurodac.